LONG ESSAYS (10 Marks)
1.
Describe the mechanism of urine formation.
2.
Draw a labeled diagram showing nerve supply
to the urinary bladder, explain the mechanism of Micturition. What is a
neurogenic bladder?
3.
Describe the role of countercurrent multiplier
and exchange system in concentrating urine.
SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks)
1.
Describe the structure of a nephron.
2.
Describe the function of proximal convoluted
tubules of the kidney.
3.
Explain the structure of Juxtaglomerular
apparatus. What is its function?
4.
Explain the theories of auto regulation.
5.
What is GFR? What is its normal value? How is
it measured?
6.
What is effective filtration pressure in the
kidney? List the factors influencing it.
7.
Define renal clearance. Explain standard and
maximal urea clearance.
8.
Describe the renal tubular handling of sodium
9.
Describe the reabsorption of water in renal tubules.
10.
Describe the glucose reabsorption in the
kidney. Give the normal value for renal threshold and tubular maximum for
glucose
11.
Explain the mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption.
12.
Explain the nerve supply to urinary bladder.
Add a note on Micturition reflex.
13.
Explain renal function tests.
SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks)
1.
Draw a labeled diagram of a nephron.
2.
List the functions of kidney.
3.
What are the peculiarities of renal circulation?
4.
List the factors influencing GFR.
5.
What is PAH clearance? What is its clinical
application?
6.
Mention the components of filtration membrane
7.
What is Glomerular filtration? What is its
normal value?
8.
What is renal glycosuria?
9.
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
10.
Mention substances secreted and reabsorbed in
the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
11.
How do you distinguish between Diabetes
mellitus and Diabetes insipidus by examination of urine?
12.
What is Automatic urinary bladder?
13.
What is atonic bladder?
14.
What is Cystometrogram?
15.
What is renal failure? What are its types?
16.
Enumerate the pathological constituents of
urine.
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