Cardiovascluar System Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

LONG ESSAYS (10 Marks)

  1. Name the lead system employed in recording ECG. Draw & label a typical ECG & explain the causation of various deflections &intervals.
  2. Define Systolic & Diastolic BP & give the normal value .Describe the short term mechanism for regulation of BP.
  3. What is shock? Classify shock. Discuss the various types shock &the physiological basis of treatment of shock. Add a note an irreversible shock”
  4. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the cardiac cycle, correlating it which pressure & volume changes. Explain the events in detail.
  5. What is ECG? Enumerate the various ECG leads which suitable diagram. Discuss the various waves in ECG & their importance.
  6. Define blood pressure, mean arterial pressure &pulse pressure. Discuss the long term regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure.
  7. Explain the CVS adjustments following:  a) moderate exercise    b) Hemorrhage
  8. Describe various factors regulating cardiac output. Write a note on cardiac reverse.
SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks)

  1. Mention the properties of cardiac muscle.
  2. List 3 differences between 1st & 2nd heart sound.
  3. What is Windkissel effect? What is its significance?
  4. Mention the effects of vagal stimulation on heart.
  5. Draw a labeled diagram of ECG.
  6. Reynolds number
  7. Physiological basis of a drug in hypertension.
  8. What is vagal tone? What determines it.
  9. What is triple response?
  10. Refractory period of a cardiac muscle fiber.
  11. Capacitance vessels.
  12. Atrial natriuretic factor.
  13. Enumerate factory governing oxygen consumption by heart
  14. What is Angina pectoris? Explain basis of it with a diagram of neuronal circuit.
  15. Einthoven’s triangle.
  16. Cardiac index.
  17. Mention properties of cardiac muscle
  18. Define autorhythmicity & give its significance in heart.
  19. Name of special conducting tissues of the heart.
  20. Why cardiac muscle will not undergo fatigue or tetanus.
  21. What is normal heart rate , cardiac output , stroke volume ,cardiac index.
  22. List any four conditions that increase venous return.
  23. Peripheral resistance.
  24. Bain bridge reflex
  25. Define Marey’s law. What is its basis? Mention one condition which is an exception to this.
  26. Four factors influencing systolic basis? Mention one condition which is an exception to this
  27. Draw a labeled diagram of jugular venous pulse (JVP)
  28. What is Cushing’s reaction? What is its importance?
  29. What are (a) Resistance Vessels (b) Capacitance vessels (c) Exchange vessels.
  30. Name 2 compensatory mechanism that prevents circulatory shock?
  31. Name 2 location of fenestrated capillaries. Specify their function.
  32. Draw conducting system of heart.
  33. J point.
  34. Starling’s law
  35. Arterial pulse
  36. Korotkoff’s sounds
  37. Baroreceptor reflex / Sinoaortic reflex.
  38. Define the cardiac output .Describe one method of its measurement. Give its normal value.
  39. Capillary circulation.
  40. List four features of haemorrhagic shock. Explain the basis of any two features.
  41. What is circulatory shock? Briefly explain any one of its types.
  42. Define shock. What are the causes of shock? What is meant by irreversible shock?
  43. List the features of hypovolemic shock.
  44. Describe circulatory changes during muscular exercise.
  45. Properties of cardiac muscle.
  46. Explain how Starling’s forces act on capillaries.
  47. Edema
SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks)

  1. Describe the ionic basis of cardiac pacemaker potential.
  2. Describe the CVS change during muscular exercise.
  3. Describe how Cushing’s reflex is activated & its effect on systemic blood pressure.
  4. Define Fick’s principle. Give details of estimation of cardiac output based on it.
  5. Ventricular muscle action potential.
  6. What is Hagen Poiseuille’s law? Write the formula & explain.
  7. Discuss the length- tension relationship in cardiac muscle
  8. Heart block.
  9. Stokes- Adam syndrome
  10. Paroxysmal Tachycardia
  11. Ventricular fibrillation
  12. Cardiac arrest
  13. Innervations of the heart
  14. Standard limb leads
  15. Water Hammer pulse
  16. Coronary circulation
  17. Renin Angiotensin system
  18. Role of adenosine in blood flow regulation.
  19. PR interval
  20. Baroreceptor
  21. Tabulate differences between 1st & 2nd heart sound. Add a note on splitting of 2nd heart sound.
  22. Triple response
  23. Renin  Angiotensin Aldosterone axis
  24. Immediate cvs changes on exposure to hot climate
  25. Describe conducting system of heart
  26. Define: a) Hypertension b) Hypotension


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