Reproductive System Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

LONG ESSAY (10 Marks)

1.       What are the ovarian, uterine and vaginal changes during the menstrual cycle? State the role of hormones during the menstrual cycle.

2.       What are the functions of ovary? How are the ovary functions regulated?

3.       What is the role of oxytocin in lactation?

4.       List the contraceptive measures used in females. Explain the physiological basis of any 3 methods.

5.       Progesterone

6.       Oestrogen

7.       Testosterone

SHORT ESSAY (5 Marks)

1.       Physiological amenorrhea.

2.       Placental hormones.

3.       HCG.

4.       Enumerate the functions of estrogen.

5.       Ovulation and tests for Ovulation

6.       Puberty and menopause

7.       Describe the physiological changes seen during menopause.

8.       Physiological changes during pregnancy.

9.       Pregnancy tests

10.    Briefly discuss the functions of placenta.

11.    Feto-placental unit

12.    Fetal circulation.

13.    Describe the milk ejection reflex

14.    Composition of semen and its use as a diagnostic tool.

15.    What are the functions of Testosterone?

16.    16 Describe the various stages of spermatogenesis.

17.    Sertoli cell.

18.    Pseudohermophroditism.

19.    Role of FHS and LH on males and females.

20.    Explain the methods of contraception in males.

21.    What is the physiological basis for the pill as a contraceptive device?

SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks)

1.       List six secondary sexual characteristic in males.

2.       Cryptorchidism.

3.       Two causes for the male hypogonadism.

4.       Define menarche, menopause and amenorrhea.

5.       Intra uterine contraceptive devices.

6.       List the hormones of the placenta.

7.       Name any two tests to detect ovulation. Explain any one of them.

8.       Two action of oxytocin which increase uterine contraction.

9.       What is corpus luteum? What are its functions?

10.    Turner’s syndrome

11.    Kleinefelter’s syndrome

12.    Super female

Special Senses Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

SPECIAL SENSES QUESTIONS

LONG ESSAYS (3 Marks)

1.       Trace the visual pathway. Explain the effects of lesions at various levels with the help of a diagram.

SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks)

1.       Explain the formation, drainage, and functions of aqueous humor. What is glaucoma?

2.       Name the errors of refraction. Explain its correction with the help of diagrams.

3.       Explain direct and indirect light reflex with their pathway. What is Argyll Robertson pupil?

4.       Trace the pathway for accommodation reflex. Explain the changes during accommodation.

5.       How is visual acuity tested?

6.       Explain Rhodopsin cycle.

7.       Explain Young –Helmholtz theory of color vision. Add a note on color blindness

8.       What are the contents and functions of middle ear. Explain the tympanic reflex.

9.       Explain the mechanism of appreciation of sound.

10.    Trace the auditory pathway with a neat, labeled diagram.

11.    Briefly describe Endocochlear and Endolymphatic Potential

12.    Explain the tests for hearing.

13.    Trace the pathway for taste.

14.    Trace the olfactory pathway. What is anosmia?

SHORT ANSWERS (5 Marks)

1.       List the functions of lacrimal secretion.

2.       Name of functions of rods and cones.

3.       Draw a labeled diagram of cone.

4.       Purkinje-Sanson images

5.       Amacrine and Horizontal cells

6.       Discuss the location and types of visual cortex.

7.       What is macular sparing?

8.       Mention extra ocular muscles and movements produced by them.

9.       What is squint? What are its types?

10.    Presbycusis

11.    Impedance matching

12.    Organ of Corti

13.    Aguesia and anosmia

Central Nervous System Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

LONG ESSAYS (10 Marks)

1.       What is the normal body temperature? Describe the role of hypothalamus in its regulation.

2.       Classify sensory receptors. Explain the properties of receptors.

3.       Describe with the help of a diagram the pathway for pain sensation. Explain the basis of phantom limb.

4.       Describe the origin, course, and termination of the pyramidal tract with the help of a labeled diagram. Add a note on hemiplegia.

5.       Describe the immediate and delayed effects of complete transaction of spinal cord.

6.       List the nuclei of hypothalamus. Explain the function of hypothalamus.

7.       List the nuclei and describe the connections and functions of thalamus.

8.       Name the nuclei of basal ganglia. Describe the functions of basal ganglia with relevant connections? Add a note on Parkinsonism.

9.       What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum? Describe their functions with relevant connections. Explain the signs of cerebellar dysfunction.

SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks)

1.       Explain the structure of a synapse. What are its types?

2.       Explain EPSP and IPSP. Add a note on its ionic basis.

3.       Explain pre-synaptic inhibition.

4.       Explain post-synaptic inhibition.

5.       Explain Renshaw cell inhibition.

6.       Explain a reflex arc with the help of a diagram.

7.       What is conditioned reflex? Explain it with an example.

8.       Explain the structure and function of muscle spindle.

9.       Write the neural circuit for reciprocal innervations. Explain its functional importance.

10.    What is referred pain? Explain the theories of referred pain.

11.    Briefly outline the role of endogenous pain inhibiting system?

12.    List the difference between upper and lower motor neuron lesion.

13.    Explain the sensory and motor change in a hemisection of the spinal cord.

14.    Draw a diagram showing Brodmann cortical areas. Mention functions corresponding to these areas.

15.    What is EEG? What are its normal waves? List the change of EEG during sleep.

16.    What are different types of memory? Explain briefly the mechanism of formation of long-term memory.

17.    What is REM sleep? List the features associated with it.

18.    What is reticular activating system? What is its function?

19.    Describe the formation, circulation, and functions of cerebrospinal fluid. Add a note on hydrocephalus.

20.    Describe the structure and function of vestibular apparatus.

21.    Explain the types and physiological basis for memory.

22.    Explain the mechanism for speech. What is dyslexia?

23.    Compare and contrast the action of sympathetic and parasympathetic division on different systems.

SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks)

1.       Explain the division of nervous system.

2.       Explain habituation and sensitization.

3.       Name different types of synapse.

4.       Name excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.

5.       What are neurotrophins and neuromodulators?

6.       What is withdrawal reflex?

7.       What is inverse stretch reflex?

8.       What is crossed extensor response?

9.       What is axon reflex?

10.    What is stereognosis?

11.    List the ascending tracts; indicate the sensations carried by them.

12.    List the descending tracts.

13.    List the features of Brown Sequard syndrome.

14.    List the chemical features of UMN lesion.

15.    List the chemical features of LMN lesion.

16.    What is Babinski’s sign? Explain the physiological basis for it.

17.    What is hemiplegia? List the clinical features of this condition.

18.    List the features of facial palsy.

19.    What is decerebrete rigidity?

20.    List the clinical magnifications of the lesion of basal ganglia.

21.    List of functions of limbic system.

22.    Explain the features of NREM sleep.

23.    Discuss the disorders of sleep.

24.     Explain the structure & functions of blood brain barrier

25.    What is lumbar puncture? What is its clinical importance?

26.    What is aphasia? What are its types?

Endocrine System Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

LONG ESSAYS (10 Marks)

1.          Name the Anterior Pituitary hormones. Describe the secretion, regulation and functions of Growth hormone.

2.          Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of Thyroid hormones. Explain its physiological functions. Add a note on Cretinism.

SHORT ESSAYS                                                                                          5 Marks

1.          What are the difference between Pituitary dwarf and Thyroid dwarf?

2.          Discuss the action, metabolism and regulation of secretion of glucagon.

3.          What is Cushing’s syndrome? What are its clinical features?

4.          Explain the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus. Add a note on its management.

5.          Enumerate the Adrenal cortical hormones. Describe the functions of glucocorticoids

6.          Dwarfism.

SHORT ANSWERS                                                                                      3 Marks

1.          Name the hormones secreted by Anterior pituitary.

2.          What are Somatomedins? Where are they secreted?

3.          Name the hormones secreted by Pancreas.

4.          What is Rickets? Mention its clinical features.

5.          What is titan? What are its clinical features?

Renal System Exam Questions for Under Graduates: MBBS

LONG ESSAYS (10 Marks)

1.       Describe the mechanism of urine formation.

2.       Draw a labeled diagram showing nerve supply to the urinary bladder, explain the mechanism of Micturition. What is a neurogenic bladder?

3.       Describe the role of countercurrent multiplier and exchange system in concentrating urine.

SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks)

1.       Describe the structure of a nephron.

2.       Describe the function of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.

3.       Explain the structure of Juxtaglomerular apparatus. What is its function?

4.       Explain the theories of auto regulation.

5.       What is GFR? What is its normal value? How is it measured?

6.       What is effective filtration pressure in the kidney? List the factors influencing it.

7.       Define renal clearance. Explain standard and maximal urea clearance.

8.       Describe the renal tubular handling of sodium

9.       Describe the reabsorption of water in renal tubules.

10.    Describe the glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Give the normal value for renal threshold and tubular maximum for glucose

11.    Explain the mechanism of bicarbonate reabsorption.

12.    Explain the nerve supply to urinary bladder. Add a note on Micturition reflex.

13.    Explain renal function tests.

SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks)

1.       Draw a labeled diagram of a nephron.

2.       List the functions of kidney.

3.       What are the peculiarities of renal circulation?

4.       List the factors influencing GFR.

5.       What is PAH clearance? What is its clinical application?

6.       Mention the components of filtration membrane

7.       What is Glomerular filtration? What is its normal value?

8.       What is renal glycosuria?

9.       What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

10.    Mention substances secreted and reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney.

11.    How do you distinguish between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus by examination of urine?

12.    What is Automatic urinary bladder?

13.    What is atonic bladder?

14.    What is Cystometrogram?

15.    What is renal failure? What are its types?

16.    Enumerate the pathological constituents of urine.